Reported Speech यानी कथन के दो प्रकार होते हैं — Direct Speech (सीधा कथन) और Indirect Speech (पररोपित कथन)। जब हम किसी व्यक्ति के बोले गए शब्दों को जैसा का तैसा दोहराते हैं, तो वह Direct Speech कहलाता है। लेकिन जब हम किसी के कथन को अपने शब्दों में व्यक्त करते हैं, तो उसे Indirect Speech कहते हैं।
Direct Speech:
He said, “I am tired.”
(उसने कहा, “मैं थका हुआ हूँ।”)
Indirect Speech:
He said that he was tired.
(उसने कहा कि वह थका हुआ था।)
Direct से Indirect Speech बनाने के नियम
Direct से Indirect में बदलते समय कुछ महत्वपूर्ण नियमों का पालन करना होता है। आइए उन्हें क्रम से समझें:
Reported Verb की पहचान और उसका बदलाव
यदि Reporting Verb (जैसे — said, told, asked आदि) past tense में होता है, तो Reported Speech का tense बदलता है।
Direct: He said, “I like mangoes.”
Indirect: He said that he liked mangoes.
लेकिन अगर Reporting Verb present या future में हो, तो Tense नहीं बदलता।
Direct: He says, “I am hungry.”
Indirect: He says that he is hungry.
inverted commas (” “) हटाना और conjunction जोड़ना
Direct Speech में जो शब्द उद्धरण चिह्न (” “) के भीतर होते हैं, उन्हें हटाकर that, if, या whether जैसे conjunction का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
उदाहरण:
- He said, “I am fine.” → He said that he was fine.
- She asked, “Are you coming?” → She asked if I was coming.
Pronoun का परिवर्तन
Reported Speech में Pronouns (सर्वनाम) को Subject, Object और context के अनुसार बदला जाता है।
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| I → he/she | we → they |
| you → I/he/she/they | my → his/her |
| me → him/her | your → my/his/her |
उदाहरण:
- He said, “I will help you.”
→ He said that he would help me.
Tense परिवर्तन के नियम
| Direct Speech (Tense) | Indirect Speech (Tense) |
| Present Simple → Past Simple | “I play” → He said he played |
| Present Continuous → Past Continuous | “I am playing” → He said he was playing |
| Present Perfect → Past Perfect | “I have seen” → He said he had seen |
| Past Simple → Past Perfect | “I went” → He said he had gone |
| Will → Would | “I will go” → He said he would go |
| Can → Could | “I can do” → He said he could do |
नोट: यदि वाक्य universal truth (सार्वभौमिक सत्य) हो, तो Tense नहीं बदलता।
उदाहरण:
He said, “The sun rises in the east.”
→ He said that the sun rises in the east.
समय-संकेत (Time words) का परिवर्तन
| Direct Speech | Indirect Speech |
| now → then | today → that day |
| yesterday → the previous day | tomorrow → the next day |
| here → there | this → that |
| these → those | last night → the previous night |
उदाहरण:
She said, “I will do it tomorrow.”
→ She said that she would do it the next day.
प्रश्नवाचक वाक्य (Interrogative Sentences)
यदि Reported Speech प्रश्नवाचक है, तो उसे asked, inquired आदि से शुरू करें और प्रश्नवाचक शब्दों (what, where, why) या if/whether का प्रयोग करें।
उदाहरण:
- He said, “Where are you going?”
→ He asked where I was going.
- She said, “Do you like tea?”
→ She asked if I liked tea.
आज्ञा, विनती और सुझाव (Imperative Sentences)
ऐसे वाक्यों में Reporting Verb को बदलकर advised, requested, ordered आदि का प्रयोग किया जाता है।
उदाहरण:
- He said, “Please sit down.”
→ He requested me to sit down.
- She said, “Don’t touch it.”
→ She told me not to touch it.
विस्मयादिबोधक वाक्य (Exclamatory Sentences)
ऐसे वाक्यों में exclaimed with joy, sorrow, surprise आदि का प्रयोग होता है।
उदाहरण:
- He said, “Wow! What a car!”
→ He exclaimed with surprise that it was a great car.
- She said, “Alas! He is dead.”
→ She exclaimed with sorrow that he was dead.
संक्षिप्त सारांश तालिका
| परिवर्तन | Direct → Indirect |
| Tense | Present → Past |
| Pronoun | I → he/she, you → me/him |
| Time Words | today → that day, now → then |
| Reporting Verb | said → told, asked, requested |
| Inverted Commas | ” ” हटते हैं, और that/if जोड़ते हैं |
Direct से Indirect Speech बनाना एक आवश्यक व्याकरणिक कौशल है जो अंग्रेजी लेखन और बोलचाल दोनों में बहुत उपयोगी होता है। अगर आप ऊपर दिए गए नियमों को अच्छी तरह समझकर अभ्यास करते हैं, तो आप आसानी से किसी भी वाक्य को Direct से Indirect में बदल सकते हैं। रोज़ाना 5–10 वाक्य बदलने का अभ्यास करें और शीघ्र ही आप इसमें दक्ष हो जाएंगे।